Geographical Information System for Indonesian Tourist Destinations

Geographical Information Systems have been widely used as a method for effective, efficient and robust decision making in the business world. It has also been used in the selection of precise and accurate tourist destinations. This paper discusses a review of geographical information system for Indonesian tourist destinations. Articles taken from sources in the form of national journals, international journals and conferences proceedings. The author limits the years 2018-2021. Furthermore, the writer will present the taxonomy and summary of the review results. Finally, the authors present research opportunities that have the potential to be studied in the future.


Introduction
Indonesia is an archipelago with various ethnicities, cultures, and tourism potential that are scattered throughout the region. It is not surprising that there are a variety of tours that can be found in Indonesia, be it nature tourism, cultural tourism, culinary tourism, spiritual tourism and many other tours that are no less interesting. This causes Indonesia to become one of the countries most visited by foreign tourists. By offering many choices of tourist attractions to tourists, making Indonesia a popular destination for foreign tourists. The tourism sector makes a big contribution to Indonesia because it contributes foreign exchange which can increase state income. Tourism activities also have an economic impact on the community because they can improve people's welfare, especially people who are around tourist objects. In addition, the increasing number of tourist objects also opens up many jobs. Therefore, as a popular tourist destination, Indonesia continues to develop various existing tours in a sustainable manner so that they can compete with tourism in other countries. One of the strategic steps in developing tourism in a sustainable manner is through the use of a Geographical Information System. By utilizing Geographical Information System (GIS) technology, it is expected to be able to analyze the spatial aspects of an area so that the existing tourism potentials can be developed into tourist objects and attractions optimally that can attract both domestic and foreign tourists. With the increasing number of tourists objects it also opens up many jobs. Therefore, as a popular tourist destination, Indonesia continues to develop various existing tours in a sustainable manner so that they can compete with tourism in other countries. One of the strategic steps in developing tourism in a sustainable manner is through the use of a Geographical Information System. By utilizing Geographical Information System (GIS) technology, it is expected to be able to analyze the spatial aspects of an area so that the existing tourism potentials can be developed into tourist objects and attractions optimally that can attract both domestic and foreign tourists. With the increasing number of tourists objects it also opens up many jobs. Therefore, as a popular tourist destination, Indonesia continues to develop various existing tours in a sustainable manner so that they can compete with tourism in other countries. One of the strategic steps in developing tourism in a sustainable manner is through the use of a Geographical Information System. By utilizing Geographical Information System (GIS) technology, it is expected to be able to analyze the spatial aspects of an area so that the existing tourism potentials can be developed into tourist objects and attractions optimally that can attract both domestic and foreign tourists. Indonesia continues to develop various existing tours in a sustainable manner so that they can compete with tourism in other countries. One of the strategic steps in developing tourism in a sustainable manner is through the use of a Geographical Information System. By utilizing Geographical Information System (GIS) technology, it is expected to be able to analyze the spatial aspects of an area so that the existing tourism potentials can be developed into tourist objects and attractions optimally that can attract both domestic and foreign tourists. Indonesia continues to develop various existing tours in a sustainable manner so that they can compete with tourism in other countries. One of the strategic steps in developing tourism in a sustainable manner is through the use of a Geographical Information System. By utilizing Geographical Information System (GIS) technology, it is expected to be able to analyze the spatial aspects of an area so that the existing tourism potentials can be developed into tourist objects and attractions optimally that can attract both domestic and foreign tourists.
As an archipelagic country with a very large area, a Geographical Information System for Indonesian tourist destinations is needed so that tourists can get information about the distribution of tourist objects. Thus, making it easier for tourists to find the location of the tourist attraction they want to visit. In addition, the existence of precise and accurate information about tourism potential can raise and promote certain tourist objects that are not yet well known so that they can attract local and foreign tourists. Issue regarding the Geographical Information System for tourist destinations in Indonesia, namely the limited use of geographic information systems on tourist destinations. This is influenced by a lack of education on the importance of using geographic information systems to managers of tourist attractions and local government. The simplest example is that there are still many tourist objects that do not have an official website that can be visited by tourists to obtain all information related to tourist objects. Furthermore, a breakthrough is needed that can support tourism activities, for example the use of technology in the form of applications that can be accessed via cellphones so that it is useful for finding the location of tourist objects that tourists want to visit.
In addition, the limitations of the internet network in some areas can be an inhibiting factor in the utilization of the geographic information system for tourist destinations. In fact, many regions in Indonesia, especially in eastern Indonesia, have interesting and unique natural and cultural attractions, but without internet network access, these areas become isolated and their potential tourist attractions are not exposed and are not well known by local tourists. and abroad. Many studies discuss the Geographical Information System for Indonesian Tourism Destinations in various aspects and different application domains. Therefore, this paper presents a review of the Geographical Information System for Indonesia's Tourism Destinations. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Part 2 discusses the theoretical background of Geographical Information Systems. Section 3 discusses the method of study in this scientific article, including: how to obtain literature and review methods. Section 4 discusses the literature review on the Geographical Information System for Indonesian Tourism Destinations. Section 5 discusses the discussion in a comprehensive manner. Section 6 discusses the conclusion of the paper followed by suggestions.

Definition of Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are usually specialized information systems that manage data containing spatial information. GIS is also software that can be used for input, storage, processing, display and output of geographic information and its attributes (Prahasta, 2005: 49). Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are computer-based systems used to store and process geographic information. Geographical information systems are designed to collect, store, and analyze objects and phenomena. These objects and phenomena emphasize that geographic location is an important or key feature of the analysis. Therefore, a geographic information system is a computer system that has four functions for processing geographic reference data, namely: input, output.

The Purpose of Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
There are several purposes for using geographic information systems (Geographical Information Systems -Examples, Definition and Benefits in It, 2020), among others from; a) The scope of the individual, can be used to form, enhance, and develop maps related to personal psychology and real life. b) Education, GIS aims to gain understanding, knowledge and learning about concepts related to population, location, space and other geographic information. c) Scope of Research, is used to more easily describe the elements that exist on the earth's surface in terms of shapes, colors and symbols.

Benefits of Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
As for the benefits of geographic information systems (Geographical Information System (GIS) -Definition, Subsystems, Components, How it Works, History, Benefits, Examples, 2020), among others:

a) For Land Use Management
Utilization and use of land are part of geographic research and need to be considered from all aspects. The goal is to determine land zoning based on existing land characteristics. In this case, GIS can assist in the planning of each area, and the results can be used as a reference for building the necessary facilities / infrastructure. The location of proposals / infrastructure in urban areas needs to be considered so that they are effective and do not violate certain standards which can lead to inconsistencies. Meanwhile in rural areas, land use management is more focused on the agricultural sector. By mapping rainfall, climate, soil conditions, altitude and natural conditions will help determine the location of crops, use of fertilizers and methods of cultivation. The construction of irrigation channels can also be carried out evenly, and a map of rice fields.

b) For Inventory of Natural Resources
The inventory of natural resources includes; 1) Benefits in understanding the distribution of various natural resources, such as petroleum, coal, gold, iron, and other mining products. 2) Understand the distribution of land area, such as areas of potential and critical land, forest areas that are still good and damaged forests, agricultural and plantation areas, changes in land use, and land conservation and rehabilitation.

c) For Supervision of Natural Disaster Areas
The ability of GIS for monitoring natural disaster areas for example; monitoring the area of natural disasters, preventing future natural disasters, compiling plans for reconstructing disaster areas, determining erosion hazard levels, predicting flood heights, and predicting drought levels.

d) For Regional and Urban Planning
Following are the benefits of GIS in urban and regional planning; 1) For resource areas, such as residential land, agriculture, plantations, land use, mining and energy applications, analysis of disaster-prone areas.
2) Used for spatial planning, such as regional spatial planning, industrial estate arrangement, markets, residential areas, system layout and defense status. 3) It is suitable for management, water supply network information systems, power grid planning and expansion, and other areas of management or infrastructure. 4) For the tourism sector, such as an analysis of the tourism inventory and tourism potential of an area. 5) For the transportation sector, for example, list public transport networks, implement alternative routes, expand the road network planning system, analyze areas prone to congestion and accidents. 6) For the socio-cultural field, such as understanding the breadth and distribution of the population of an area, understanding the breadth and distribution of agricultural land as well as possible drainage patterns, data collection, and development of regional growth and development centers. Collecting and developing data for residential areas, industrial areas, schools, hospitals, recreational facilities and offices.

Geographical Information System (GIS) Subsystem
The subsystem in the Geographical Information System (GIS) can be illustrated (according to Mierzejowska, A. and Pomykoł, M., 2019) as depicted in Figure 1 as follows: A sub system consisting of four capabilities in dealing with geographic data (Geographical Information System (GIS) -Definition, Subsystem, Components, How it Works, History, Benefits, Example, 2020), including; a) Input data, this subsystem is responsible for collecting and preparing spatial and attribute data from various sources. This subsystem is also responsible for converting or transforming the original data format into a format usable by GIS. b) Output Data, this subsystem displays or produces all or part of the database output in soft copy and hard copy, among others; tables, charts, maps, etc. c) Data Management, this subsystem organizes spatial data and attribute data into a database in a way that is easy to retrieve, update and edit. d) Data Manipulation & Analysis, this subsystem determines the information that can be generated by GIS. In addition, the subsystem also performs data processing and modelling to produce the expected information.

Geographical Information System (GIS) Components
GIS is a complex system, usually integrated with other computer system environments at the functional and network level (Geographical Information Systems (GIS) -Definition, Subsystems, Components, How It Works, History, Benefits, Example, 2020). The GIS system consists of the following components: a) Hardware: GIS is run on hardware, in this case a computer system, to perform data storage and processing. b) Software: GIS is also a modular structured software system, in which the database plays a key role. c) Geographical data and information: GIS can indirectly collect or store required data and information by importing from other GIS software, or directly collect and store spatial data using a keyboard to digitize from maps and enter attribute data from tables and reports. Data and information required. d) Management: If a GIS project is well managed and implemented by people with the appropriate skills at all levels, the project will be successful.

How the Geographical Information System (GIS) Works
GIS can represent the real world (real world) on a computer monitor, and a map can represent the real world on paper. However, compared to paper maps, GIS has greater functionality and flexibility. GIS stores all descriptive information of its elements as attributes in a database, which is then formed by GIS and stored in a table (relational), then GIS links the above elements with their related tables. So that these attributes can be accessed through the location of map elements and vice versa can access the location of map elements through their attributes. Therefore, these elements can be searched and found based on their attributes. GIS connects a set of map elements and their attributes in units called Layers. Rivers, buildings, roads, sea, administrative boundaries, estates, and forests are examples of layers. The collection of these layers will become the GIS database. Therefore, database design is very important in GIS. Database design will find the effectiveness and efficiency of the process of input, management and output of GIS (Geographical Information Systems (GIS) -Definition, Subsystems, Components, How it Works, History, Benefits, Examples, 2020).

Components and Specifications of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Applications a) Geographical Information System Application Components (Geographical Information
System (GIS) applications, 2017) include: 1) Main page, the main page will display a large map containing a place in the form of a marker that can be clicked and displays details of the place, both a description, gallery, map, and route. 2) The place, dynamic place processing, with google map the location can be positioned by drag and drop. The editor for place descriptions uses TinyMCE to make it easier to write HTML-formatted text. Each place can also be filled with gallery images. 3) Route Details, displays a detailed route to the place where the start point is your current location. 4) Login & Password, to be able to process place data, you must log into the geographic information system. b) Geographic Information System Application Specifications (Geographical Information System (GIS) applications, 2017) include:

1) PHP Version: All PHP version which supports MySQLi 2) DBMS: MySQL (MariaDB) 3) EzSQL Database Library 4) Bootstrap CSS Framework 3 5) HTML 5 & CSS 3
The study method of the Geographical Information System for Indonesian Tourist Destinations is based on literature studies. Namely by collecting related research from various sources, namely articles in journals and conference proceedings, and others. The databases used are sourced from: Google Scholar, Emerald, Elsevier, Science Direct, and Scopus. Figure 2 below presents a method for searching suitable literature from within the country.  Figure 2. Literature survey method

Indonesia Tourism Destination Geographic Information System
Many studies have discussed the Geographical Information System of Indonesia's Tourism Destinations from various aspects. Table 1 provides a summary. From the design of the geographic information system for waterfall tourism that has been made, it is still very possible for better development to be carried out. It is recommended to add features or things that can complement the upcoming geographic information system application for this waterfall tour. The application built still has a relatively simple interface, so there is a need for development in the display design to make it easier for users to use information systems and be able to attract users' interest.
From some of these studies in Table 1 above, it can be concluded that Geographical Information Systems have been widely used in the development of Indonesian tourist destinations. Many studies have developed geographic information systems based on android and web. From various previous studies, the benefits of using GIS are able to provide accurate information and updates in the form of certain tourist locations to tourists. With an Android-based application that can be accessed via cellphone, it is very helpful for tourists in finding tourist attractions that they want to visit. Through the GPS function, the system can track the user's location and provide information about the distance from the user to tourist attractions. The application also provides information related to travel support facilities, such as places to eat and other facilities.
Geographical information systems can also be used to promote tourist destinations. The use of websites, brochures and booklets with an attractive appearance can provide information related to tourist destinations, so that they are better known by many tourists. In addition, information about fees or rates really helps tourists in choosing the type of tourist attraction that is tailored to the budget provided. With the increasing number of foreign tourists, the website provided should not only use Indonesian but also English in order to make it easier for foreign tourists to access all information related to tourist locations that they want to visit.

Results and Discussion
Tourism is an activity that is highly dependent on environmental resources so that it requires a proper planning in its management. Geographical Information System (GIS) technology can be used in the context of developing Indonesian tourist destinations. There are several main features of GIS that are useful for tourism planning, including; ability to manipulate data and spatial attributes, provide necessary added value information, ease in allocating resources, adaptability in providing and changing data from time to time and the ability to identify patterns or relationships based on certain criteria in decision making GIS technology in tourism activities can be used as a supporting tool in the decisionmaking process. In addition, GIS can also be used to provide a more holistic approach to solving a problem in which there are qualitative and quantitative data that must be processed. In general, this technology is used to collect information, data and spatial analysis which is then displayed in the form of a more effective graph or map that is easier for the user to understand.
The use of Geographical System technology for Indonesian tourist destinations is very important in developing sustainable tourism. Therefore, there needs to be readiness to develop this technology, such as a complete budget and database. In addition, internet network infrastructure is also needed at tourist destination locations, so that the availability of accurate information can be accessed easily through applications or the web. Thus, these technological breakthroughs can help tourists choose tourist destinations that they want to visit and will have an impact on increasing the number of visitors.

Conclusion
Geographical Information System (GIS) is a technology that is very useful in supporting decision making in the tourism sector. This is because the Geographical Information System (GIS) is able to collect information and data and analyze it spatially which then displays it in the form of graphs or maps that are more effective and easier for users to understand. Geographical Information Systems can display information related to tourist locations and the distribution of tourism potential in an area, so that tourists can choose tourist objects to visit. Geographical Information Systems for tourist destinations that are usually developed are based on android and web.
The role of the Geographical Information System is very crucial in the development of tourist destinations in Indonesia. However, the use of Geographical Information Systems is still limited because it was found that not all regions had developed this technology. This is of course very unfortunate, because the tourism potential of each region in Indonesia is very rich and varied. There were several problems found, namely lack of budget, incomplete data base and inadequate supporting infrastructure, such as internet networks. Therefore, further research on Geographical Information Systems needs to be carried out so that its utilization has the maximum impact on the development of tourist destinations in Indonesia.